Section-2 1900-1947
1.The Simla Deputation/ Delegation?
October 1906
A group of prominent Muslims led by Sir Aga Khan, visited the Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla
Presented a set of Muslims’ demand e.g. separate electorates for Muslims and greater share of Muslims in the councils than their population percentage
Lord Minto assured them to convey the demands to the British govt.
2. Swadeshi Movement?
Launched by INC in protest to the partition of Bengal, 1905
Boycott of British goods e.g. salt, cloth and other manufactured goods
Also, a series of strikes to show their opposition to the British. (See p51,N.Kelly, source work)
3.Objectives of AIML (All India Muslim League)?
To protect & advance political rights of Muslims & to represent their demands to the Brit govt
To promote loyalty to the Brit & remove any misunderstanding b/w Muslims & Brit
To prevent hostility in Muslims towards other communities.
4.Lucknow Pact, 1916?
ML got closer to INC, 1913 onwards
Joint session of ML & INC, 1916, Lucknow
Both agreed on a set of common demands e.g. l/3rd Muslim share in the Centre, provincial autonomy and enlargement of the councils by including more Indians.
5.The Rowlatt Act/ Defence of India Act, 1919?
To counter revolutionary activity, as the British had anticipated opposition by Indians to the 1919 Act.
Emergency powers to the local administration e.g., arrest without warrant and detention without bail.
Its application led to the Amritsar Massacre.
6.The Jillianwala BagbMassacre/the Amritsar Massacre?
April 1919
20,000 demonstrators in a public park, Jillianwala Bagh, Amritsar.
Brit commander, General Dyer was determined to restore peace
On his orders, entrances were sealed, firing on the unarmed crowd
1600 rounds were shot, causing 400 deaths and 1200 wounded
7.K.M. (Khilafat Movement)?
Indian Muslims launched K.M. to protect the respect of Turkey and the seat of Khilafat
Ruler of Turkey, Khalifa (spiritual head) of the Muslim world.
Indian Muslims wanted to preserve the seat of Khalifa and, therefore, organized K.M. 1919-1924.
8.Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement?
Gandhi merged his non-cooperation with the K.M.
Became leader of Hindus and Muslims
Non-cooperation included: returning British titles, resigning from local bodies, boycotting British goods, institutes (courts, schools) and elections.
1919-1922
Based on non-violence.
9.Satyagraya?
Gandhi’s passive resistance
Literal meaning: Truth force
Pitting one’s whole soul against the will of the tyrant.
Launched 1919 onwards, along with the K.M.
According to Gandhi: Satyagraya showed moral strength and supremacy over those who resorted to violence
It was aimed at Swaraj (self-rule)
10.Hijrat Movement?
K.M. leaders declared India “Darul Harb” (enemy territory) in 1920
Urged Indian Muslims to migrate to the independent Muslim state, Afghanistan where a better future awaited them
About 18,000 Muslims left homes & jobs and migrated to Afghanistan
Proved disastrous as thousands of Muslims lost jobs & homes
11.he Arya Samaj?
A Hindu revivalist movement
Founded 1877 by Dayanand Sarswati
Had its strongholds in northern and western India, esp Punjab.
Aimed at purifying Hinduism
Together with the Hindu Mahasabha, carried out militancy, 1924.
12.The Hindu Mahasabha?
Active in Punjab politics since 1890’s 1923, Pandit Mohan Malaviya unified various Sabhas to make the Hindu Mahasabha.
Became more organized under the new president V.D. Savarkar.
Savarkar was later accused of involved in Gandhi’s assassination, 1948.
13.he Delhi Proposals?
1927, Jinnah called on conference of all Muslim leaders in Delhi to discuss how Muslim interests should be protected
A number of demands were proposed e.g. l/3rd Muslim seats in the centre, Muslim seats in Punjab & Bengal according to the size of their population and reforms in Sindh, NWFP & Balochistan.
14.Gandhi’s Salt March?
INC re-launched the non-cooperation in the start of 1930 © 12 March 1930, Salt March under Gandhi from Ahmedabad to the seaside village Dandi ® 24 day-march.
Against the unfair Salt laws as well as other unfair British laws.
15.The Simon Commission?
1927, the Conservative govt, sent a seven man committee under Sir John Simon to make recommendations for the future constitution of India ® All members were British a Major parties of India didn’t welcome it.
16.he Allahabad Address?
1930, Allama Iqbal chaired a meeting of ML, Allahabad « Delivered a historic address
Urged Muslims to struggle for an independent homeland
Proved Muslims as a nation
Muslim majority provinces of NW India to make a Muslim State.
17.Gandhi-lrwin Pact?
March 1931, after a series of meetings b/w Gandhi & Viceroy Irwin
Irwin released Gandhi & other political prisoners
Gandhi agreed to call of the non-cooperation & attend the 2nd RTC.
18.The Communal Award?
Aug 1932, Brit P.M.Ramsay Mac Donald, before the 3rd RTC
Brit statement about the minorities
Weightage to Muslims in Hindu majority provinces, but Muslim majority in Punjab & Bengal was reduced
INC rejected, ML accepted it.
19.Ch. Rehmat Ali’s Scheme of Pakistan?
1933, “Now or Never”, a pamphlet
He stated that Muslims should have their homeland in the Muslim majority areas of NW India
Gave a meaningful name “PAKISATAN”
Land of the pure & each letter representing a Muslim majority homeland.
20.System of Diarchy?
Introduced in the 1919 Montford reforms ® Literally: dual rule
Division of subjects b/w the governor and the provincial ministers
Governors to have ‘reversed’ subjects some of which were ‘transferred’ to the ministers.
21.The 1935 Act?
Based on the details of the RTC’s
First debated in the Parliament as the “White Paper”
Aug 1935, implemented as the India Act
Last major legislation by the British before independence.
Greater degree of power to the Indians
22.Bande Matram?
Hindu nationalist song, encouraged Hindus to expel Muslims from Hindustan
Singing of it compulsory in provincial assemblies before the start of official business in the morning.
Part of the INC policies that offended Muslims.
23.The Wardha Scheme?
Gandhi’s educational scheme
Introduced in all INC education ministries, 1937-39
Spinning cotton, part of curriculum
No religious education
Compulsory bowing before Gandhi’s portrait in the schools.
24.Day of Deliverance’?
INC ministries resigned with the outbreak of WW2, Sept 1939
INC ministers resigned to pressurize their demand of independence
On Jinnah’s call, ML celebrated ‘Day of Deliverance’ to celebrate the end of INC tyranny
25.The Lahore Resolution?
Annual session of ML, 22 March 1940, Lahore
Premier (Chief Minister) of Bengal , Maulvi Fazal Ul Haq present a resolution
Demand for a Muslim state in NW & NE Muslim provincies of India.
Passed unanimously by all
26.The Cripps Mission?
March 1942, British sent Sir Stafford Cripps, Cabinet member, to India.
To see if Indian support could be won for the WW2
Proposed a Union of India with Dominion status, after the war.
ML & INC rejected it.
27.The Quit India Movement?
August 1942, INC passed the ‘Quit India Resolution’
Called for the immediate withdrawal of British from India
Gandhi argued if Brit left, no threat of Japanese attack on India.
Gandhi, Nehru and other leaders were arrested
28.The August Offer?
British needed Indian support in the WW2
August 1940, Viceroy Lord Linlithgow, promised ML no constitution for India without the agreement of Muslims, o No agreement on equal or majority Muslim membership in th proposed Defence Council o ML rejected the “August Offer.
29.The Atlantic Charter?
Aug 1941, meeting b/w the Brit PM Winston Churchill & the US president Roosevelt in the Atlantic Ocean
Both agreed on the rights of Self-government & free speech for all the peoples and a fairer international economic system.
Labour Party supported Indian freedom on the basis of the Atlantic Charter.
30.The Gandhi-Jiannah talks?
Gandhi, after his release from prison, wrote to Jinnah for talks to discuss the future of India.
Several rounds of talks, 9 to 27 Sep 1944, Jinnah House Bombay.
Against the hopes of many Indians, the talks failed.
31.The Wavell Plan?
Early 1945, WW2 near its end
March 1945, Lord Wavell consulted Brit govt & drafted a plan for the future of India
He proposed an Executive Council with equal number of Hindus & Muslims.
Except for Viceroy & defence, all Indian ministers.
The plan was discussed June-July Simla Conference but failed.
32.The Simla Conference ?
June-July 1945, Wavell invited all political parties at Simla to discuss the Wavell Plan
It was about an Executive Council with equal number of Hindu & Muslim ministers and, except for Viceroy & defence, all ministers to be Indians
Conference failed 14 July 1945.
33.The Cabinet Mission Plan:
Last Brit attempt to keep India united
March 1946, 3 Cabinet members reached India: Cripps, A.V. Alexander & Pethic Lawrence
Talks with ML & INC for a federation of India but no consensus was reached b/w ML & INC.
34 .The Direct Action Day?
Aug 1946, Brit withdrawal was visible & Muslims were worried about their future.
16 August 1946, ‘Direct Action Day’ was observed to show the Muslim strength & determination
Peaceful demonstrations in many cities but 4000 deaths in the ‘Great Calcutta Killing.
35 .The 3 June Plan?
March 1947, last Viceroy Mountbatten arrived India & held talks with major leaders.
On 3 June 1947 he announced the future of India
According to the Plan: two Dominion ‘States, India & Pakistan on 15 August 1947; Muslim majority provinces to decide joining either country.
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